Advances in technology have reopened the debate over terraforming Mars, shifting it from an impossible dream to a long-term scientific and ethical question.

Mars is inhospitable to life. The average daytime temperature is -65°C, dropping to as low as -120°C at night. The atmosphere is only 1% of Earth’s, leaving the surface exposed to harmful ultraviolet ...

Advances in synthetic biology, planetary engineering, and ultra-low-cost launch systems have dramatically altered how researchers view Mars terraforming. Once seen as an impossible sci-fi fantasy, ...