Last summer was one of the hottest on record, and the extreme swings between wet and dry conditions over the ... Also, an important measure called “vapor pressure deficit” has exceeded norms.

Last summer was one of the hottest on record, and the extreme swings between wet and dry conditions over the ... Also, an important measure called “vapor pressure deficit” has exceeded norms.

Last summer was one of the hottest on record, and the extreme swings between wet and dry conditions over the past two years ... Also, an important measure called “vapor pressure deficit” has exceeded ...

Key moisture measurements are only 2% to 5% of average, leaving dusty soils. And the recent swing from wet to dry is among the ... are “literally off the charts,” Battles said.